metaverse

Metaverse is for sure the next big thing, the normal evolution of the internet, Just as computers were in the 80s, the internet was in the 90s,smartphones were after 2000,or the cryptocurrencies were in the last decade.

Metaverse is a virtual world, featuring avatars, digital objects, functioning economies where technology is not just a tool, but something that is all-encompassing.

Its quite popular in crypto, fintech, as well as social media. However, if it does continue to grow at the current rate, it will become a game-changing concept that will impact the entire internet in a massive way.

The popularity of metaverse as a concept grew substantially in 2021, primarily due to big announcements by tech giants. For example, Facebook rebranded as Meta with a focus on developing its own metaverse. It was one of the notable events which spurred worldwide discussions on possibilities with the metaverse. At the same time, many other tech biggies such as Microsoft, Epic Games, and NVidia are joining the metaverse bandwagon with innovative ventures. As the popularity of the metaverse continues to climb higher, the attention on Metaverse pros & cons has started to gain momentum. 

Advantage of metaverse:

• Its next stage in the development of the internet.
• At the moment, people interact with each other online by going to websites such as social media platforms or using messaging applications. 
• The idea of the metaverse is that it will create new online spaces in which people’s interactions can be more multi-dimensional, where users are able to create there avatars in metavers and they can feel like there are together.
• people in different locations they can meet there friends in any locations , they can go for trip in metaverse.
• Real estate business will have different dimension, person from any places can visit any area and check the land or property in metaverse,which will help real estate business simply and grow faster.
• As more people have started working and going to school remotely, there has been an increased demand for ways to make online interaction more lifelike.

Disadvantage of metaverse

• generate addiction
• make you lose track of time
• separate you from the real nature and real world
• overstimulate your senses.

Time

Time is very precious to everyone present on the Earth. lets us know how does the time came into existence, somewhere somebody would have taught about this invention.

What is time:

Time in physics and philosophy (time as a physical phenomenon), 

Time in psychology (our sense of passing time), 

Time in mathematics and engineering (the time that we measure and use to regulate our lives). 

History of time :

The measurement of time began with the invention of sundials in ancient Egypt some time prior to 1500 B.C. However, the time the Egyptians measured was not the same as the time today's clocks measure. For the Egyptians, and indeed for a further three millennia, the basic unit of time was the period of daylight. The Egyptians broke the period from sunrise to sunset into twelve equal parts, giving us the forerunner of today's hours. 

The need for a way to measure time independently of the sun eventually gave rise to various devices, most notably sandglasses, waterclocks, and candles. The first two of these utilized the flow of some substance to measure time, the latter the steady fall in the height of the candle.

sundial an instrument showing the time by the shadow of a pointer cast by the sun on to a plate marked with the hours of the day.

Sundial 

The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock.

The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe 

Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe

Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially  christiaan huygens with the invention of pendulum-driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi

The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks.

Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions  in certain atoms to measure the second.

GPS in coordination with the Network time protocol can be used to synchronize timekeeping systems across the globe.

Measurement of time:

when we travel from one place to another we will calculate the time and speed.

This is way to calculate the time

When we measure the speed of a car, we seem to be measuring speed with something abstract called time; we are actually just comparing a known motion (of the sun) with an unknown motion of the car

History of calendar

Artifacts from the old stone age suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago.

Lunar calendar were among the first to appear, with years of either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). 

solar calendar  is a calendar whose dates indicate the season or almost equivalently the apparent position of the sun relative to the stars.

A lunar calendar is a calendar based on the monthly cycles of the Moon's phases ,In solar calendar annual cycles are based only directly on the solar year.

Living by the clock

Today, we live our lives according to clock. We start our day by an alarm clock, we listen to the radio at a particular time, we travel to and from work at a certain time of day, we attend meetings that start and finish at predetermined times, we eat our meals according to the clock, not simply when we feel hungry, and the clock tells us when to go to a movie, to a concert, to the theater, or to watch our favorite television program. Indeed, not only are most of our daily activities regulated by the clock, they are often ruled down to the precise minute. This way of living is very recent. Not only does it depend on the uniform system of worldwide time measurement, it also requires that each one of us carries on our person a reliable means to keep track of time. 

Laptop repair

Laptop is common device found in everyone house today, so lets us know simple methods if it's not working.

Few precautions to be taken to save data because laptop may Crash anytime.

Backup : backup important data which you have in laptop time to time. we can't predict at what time laptop may crash.

Virus : viruses can attack laptop anytime, so better use antivirus in the system.

Have some knowledge about virus.

Downloaded best antivirus for the system to prevent viruses attack.

Avoid downloading unwanted stuff from unknown site.

Common issues found in Laptop :

• Laptop crash
• loading  failure or slowdown Internet connectivity issues.
• Device compatibility issues.
• Laptop freezes
• Blank screen
• unwanted noise etc.

Why does my laptop not turn on or boot.

• Connect the power cable. Although it may seem obvious, if your laptop is running on battery power only, connecting the AC adapter may solve the problem
• Check AC adapter and power port for a bent pin
• Disconnect from the docking station
• Remove and reconnect the battery
• Drain the computer of electricity

Disconnect the AC adapter and remove the battery (if possible)

Hold down the power button for thirty seconds to drain any residual power from the laptop.

Without replacing the battery.

Plug the AC adapter back into the laptop.

• Bad hardware.

why does my laptop crash:

A computer or system crash is generally an application or hardware component on a computer stops to act properly, and you may sometimes see an error report with the crash, sometimes you may not even see any error codes and your computer keeps crashing.

Most PC or laptop crashes are the result of overheating , hardware faulty, corrupted system or driven corruption, etc.

Few methods to fix PC crashing.

• Reboot your computer
• Make sure your CPU works properly
• Boot in safe mode
• Update your drivers.
• Run system file checker.

Basic steps to get rid of Virus.

computer viruses are almost always invisible. without antivirus protection, you may not know you have one. This is why it is vital to install anti-virus protection on all your devices.

If your PC has a virus, few steps to get rid of it.

1 Download and install a virus scanner

2 Disconnect from internet

3 Reboot your computer into safe mode 

• Turn your computer off and on again
• when the screen lights ,press F8 to bring up the Advances boot options menu
• click safe mode with networking
• Remain disconnect from the internet

4 Delete any temporary files

• click the windows logo on the right bottom 
• Type temporary files
• Choose free up disk space by deleting unnecessary files 
• Find and select temporary Internet Files in the files to delete Disk cleanup list and click OK 
• confirm delete files selection

some viruses are programmed to initiate when your computer boots up. Deleting temporary files may delete the virus. 

5 Run a virus scan

6 Delete or quarantine the virus

If a virus is found, it may affect multiple files. select Delete or Quarantine to remove the files and get rid of the virus. Re-scan your computer to check there is no viruses. 

7 Reboot your computer

Now that the viruses is removed, you can reboot your computer. Simply turn it on as you would normally. It no longer needs to be in Safe mode.

8 Change all your passwords

To protect your computer from further attack, change all your passwords in case they were captured by malware.

9 Update your software, browser and operating system

Updating your software, browser and operating system will reduce the risk of flaws in old code being exploited by criminals to install malware on your computer.

Whatsapp will not work from 2021

WhatsApp is getting a new update that will prevent the messaging app from working on millions of phones from 1 January 2021.

older Android and iPhone devices will not support the latest version of the app.

WhatsApp will not work on few older iPhone and android smartphones. Few may lose access altogether while others may not be able to use a few features on the Facebook-owned platform.

Old smartphone users who have not upgraded to iOS 9 or above or Android 4.0.3 or above will not able to run WhatsApp. It is advised by the makers of the app that the users should update their devices to these versions of their operating system to keep using it. The ones who cant update will either have to buy a new smartphone or look for alternatives to WhatsApp.

Users who are still holding on to the iPhone 4 or lower model will lose access. Similarly, if someone is using a Samsung Galaxy S2, they will not be able to use WhatsApp. 

on iPhone devices system upgrade is easy as they can go into settings followed by general and then tap on software update. This will help them know which version of the OS they are running and whether they can upgrade or not. on the other hand, Android users will find it in the About Phone section in the settings of their smartphone.

other popular phones that will stop running WhatsApp include HTC sensation.

Samsung Google Nexus s, sony Ericsson Xperia Arc.

WhatsApp image

Phones that will lose WhatsApp support from 1 January 2021 include:

• Samsung Galaxy S2
• Apple iPhone 1-4
• HTC Desire
• LG Optimus Black
• Motorola Droid Razr
• Android devices released before 2010

Devices that will need to update to iOS 9 or higher or Android OS 4.0.3 include:

• Apple iPhone 4S
• iPhone 5
• iPhone 5S
• iPhone 6
• iPhone 6S
• Samsung Galaxy S3 and newer
• Samsung Galaxy Note
• HTC Sensation
• HTC Thunderbolt
• LG Lucid
• Motorola Droid 4
• Sony Xperia Pro and newer

WhatsApp /YouTube/Google maps

 How to broadcast the message in whats-app.

• Open the whats-app 
• In the chat screen right side we can find the menu button choose new broadcast
• choose recipients from your contact list 
• click done
• click create.

How to use Google maps without an internet connection.

Losing your Internet connection while traveling can be frustrating especially when your relying on your phone for routes.

Its a good idea to plan ahead for these types of situations by downloading maps for offline use in Google Maps. Once you have downloaded area you will be able to get directions without internet.

there are few limitations 

we cant get walking transit cycling directions while offline.

only driving directions are available.

Steps for offline maps:

• Download offline maps App from playstore
• whichever location is needed we can download maps from that APP.
• we can make use while driving.

How to download MP3 songs from YouTube 

Install YouTube music down-loader.

Download and install freemake YouTube to MP3 Boom. Run the software, follow the instructions Wizard to download music from YouTube.

Find free music for download. Find a song you want to download using the search bar.
YouTube track name, or an album title and hit the enter button on your keyboard.you may preview songs. Before download music from YouTube ,check their correctness and quality.
click the play button before the song.

Download songs from YouTube to iTunes.
click download to download music from YouTube, save full audio tracks as MP3. freemake YouTube music down-loader will automatically save online music in music folder on your computer.
you can change downloadable songs directory in settings tab at the bottom right corner of the program.

Transfer MP3s from YouTube to your phone.
Get free music downloads for your mobile device, if necessary. 

1. 
   

 

1. 
   

how does google maps works

Google maps is used by numerous people on daily basics while traveling as the navigation platform effectively predicts traffic and plots routes for them.

more than million kilometres may driven on daily basics in 220 countries.

How does google maps work.

• Google maps uses machine learning in combination with various data source including aggregate location data, historical traffic patterns, local government data, and real-time feedback from users, to predict traffic.
• google maps make use of Dijkstra's algorithm to find the shortest paths between nodes in a graph, which may represent road networks.
• google maps gets its images from satellite and aerial images in google Earth are taken by cameras on satellites and aircraft, which collect each image at a specific date and time. 
• Geo-spatial data visualization company and a real-time traffic analyzer, Google Maps was launched in February 2005. 
• Map maker was added to the american version of google Maps, allowing any viewer to edit and add changes to google maps. This provides Google with local map updates almost in real-time instead of waiting for digital map data companies to release more infrequent updates.
• Early versions of Google maps relied only on data from traffic sensors, most of which were installed by government transportation agencies or private companies that specialize in compiling traffic data. 
• using radar, active infrared or laser radar technology, the sensors are able to detect the size and speed of passing vehicles and then wirelessly transmit that information to a server.

Google maps uses an international connection to a GPS navigation system to provide turn by turn voice guided instructions on how to arrive at a given destination The application requires connection to internet data  and normally uses a GPS satellite connections to determine its location.

Data operation team staffed all over the world that plays a role in just about every aspect of map-making from gathering street view images and getting authoritative data sources to correcting the map for inaccuracies and training machine learning models.

Interesting facts about Google maps.

1. Google maps has over 20 petabytes of data, which is equal to approximately 21 million gigabytes, or around 20500 terabytes.
2. Google has worked with thousands of business owners in eight countries to bring street view technology inside buildings.
3. Google maps doesn't use much mobile data at all when navigating. most of google maps data use is incurred when initially searching for the destination.

Pull back toy

Toy is joyfully device found in everyone home where small kids are present.

If we pull wire connected to doll and leave it it will move,simple electronics is used to make beautiful toy.

If we pull wire wheels of dolls will get energy pulling energy converted into mechanical energy and its connected diode it will produce light.

Few things about pull back toy

• Toy has wind up mechanism inside pull it back and release it will move
• gears and spring is made used inside the toy
• Advantage of using this toys are no batteries required.
• Two gears are made used to move the toy
• Gear ratio : when large gear rotate once small gear which is connected rotate more than once.

Inside view of toy 

Parts of pull toy

Gears connected to diode

A diode is connected to gear in the motor it will make diode to emit light, mechanical friction is used to generate light. 

A pull back toy is one of the most common toys available on the market. We pull it backwards and then let it go. it travels across almost the entire room before stopping . We pull it back just a few inches, but the distance traveled by the car is 8-12 feet. 

A pull back toy works on the general principle of Newtons Third Law of motion. every action has equal and opposite reaction. The toy car moves forward much further than it was pulled backward. This is possible because of the gears present inside the toy.

When the toy is pulled back, it winds up an internal coil spring by engaging the motor with a clutch. when the toy is released, the spring unwinds and propels the toy forward.

Energy is stored quickly during pullback but gets released slowly during forward motion . The Winding of spring is 10 times faster than when it unwinds. This is achieved with the help of two gear trains present.

Dolly With pull back gears

When we pull the wire and leave it will move forward while emitting light.

Electronics components

Electronic gadgets have become an integral part of our lives. They have made our lives more comfortable and convenient. we have many applications of electronics like aviation, medical and healthcare etc.

Most gadgets have tiny electronic circuit that can control machines and process information, electronic circuits are the lifeline of various electrical appliances.

There are 2 types of components 

Active components: Electronic component which supplies energy to the circuit.

common examples of active components include:

voltage sources

current sources

generators

all types of transistor.

Diodes.

Passive components : Components incapable of controlling current by means of electrical signal are called passive devices.

common examples of passive components include:

Resistors

capacitors

Inductors

Transformers

List of components

Resistor: oppose current and pass current directly proportion to voltage.

Capacitors : capacitors store and release electrical charge. It stores energy in electric field.

Diode : Conduct electricity easily in one direction, among more specific behaviors.

power sources

• Battery : acid or alkali based power supply.
• power supply : usually a main hook-up
• photovoltaic device : generates electricity from light.

Switch : A switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current or diverting it from one conductor to another

Inductors : An inductor is considered as passive element of circuit, because it can store energy in it as a magnetic field, and can deliver that energy to the circuit.

Semiconductor : Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors and non conductors.

Integrated circuits : An integrated circuit refers to a special device that had all the components required in an electronic circuit. The component has diodes, transistors and other devices, all of which are etched on a tiny piece of silicon. The componrts are used in watches and computers.

Batteries : Bateeries convert chemical energy into electrical energy. two different cells of a battery are anode ( + ) and cathode (-).

Fuses : Fuses help preserve components from overloading with excessive current. A fuse consists of connection body, support, contacts, and metal-fuse material such as Zinc or copper.

Motors : Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Key components include a rotor, stator, bearings, and eye bolt.

Circuit Breakers : As a protective device, a circuit breaker can be controlled with a remote switch. It is designed to protect the circuit from overloading or a short circuit.

Battery life

What is Battery

A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electrical cars.

when a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode.

Battery

How Battery works

A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy. The chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of electrons from one material (electrode) to another through an external circuit. The flow of electrons provides an electric current that can be used to do work.

Rechargeable battery 

How to preserve more battery on mobile.

Battery 

Few methods:

• Battery saver mode: switch on battery saver mode which will help battery to stay for longer time.
  
• Background battery usage: Go to settings and choose which applications can use battery when your not using phone this will save battery unnecessarily used by application.
  
• Dark mode : choose dark mode so that all screen appears in dark.
• Always on mode: switch off this option will save more battery.

How to save battery life :

1. Do not charge overnight using fast charger, if we use fast charger more heat will be produced which may lead to damage of battery.
2. Use standard company charger and power bank.

Battery Facts.

Batteries work by providing continuous DC.The battery will work until all of the energy has been used up. If it rechargeable it can be used again. If it is not rechargeable then it is garbage.

The power in a battery is created by chemistry.

Rechargeable batteries are used in cars.

NiMH batteries are nickel metal hydride and are commonly used in portable electronics such as toys and portable home phones.

Batteries can come as wet cell or dry cell.

it is possible to use potatoes as source of battery power, although they are not capable of producing a lot of it.

Lemons can also be used to make power.

What is Internet

Internet has taken control over life nowadays, without internet nobody can be at peace at-least for 15 min.

nowadays we are doing everything digitally which requires internet.

phonepe, whatsapp, paytm, google pay, many things in which we are depend on internet.

What is internet.

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses internet protocol(TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.

internet is just connection of devices through wires, cables. whole world is connected. connection is done by different companies let's have a brief idea.

Tier 1 company lays optical fiber all over world through sea route.

Tier 2 company works on country wise.

Tier 3 company works on local wise.

How does Internet work.

when two people chat from INDIA to SINGAPORE internet is made used ,packet (data) which we want to send from one machine to another machine will travel the routing path with data protection in such a way that in middle one can decode that data. 

up-to one point data will travel through Wi Fi but whole world is connected through cables, like optical fiber which carry the data(packets).

The ISP which we make use (to which we are paying money) they will carry our data and send upto India border once its touches the Singapore there ISP will carry the packets and they will make sure data will reach the end user.

both the countries are paying for optical fiber laying through sea, so both countries are making use of it.

IP address is given to all devices which helps identify the device.

Few Facts about internet

• The internet is 9110 days old today.
• Internet would weigh about 50 grams. as per scientist who measured the weight of multiple billions of electrons which make up the data that we send back and forth every day.
• half of world population make use of internet.
• Walking sticks, umbrellas, shirts, water bottles, tails all this can be connected to internet.
• The average person spends more than 10 hours a day with internet, which is more time then we sleep.

Future of internet 

The infrastructure which we make use to run the internet in backend will have higher version of devices like router, switches, load balancer and firewall.

• 
  

Fan

Fan is found in almost everyone house, its very much needed when temperature increase and humans feels hot especially during summer.

Fan working mechanism.

Electric fan works on the principle of conversion of electric enegry into mechanical energy and in this case mechanical energy is the rotarty motion. When AC is supplied to electric fan it first reaches capacitor. capactior sends high energy to the stator windings.

stator windings develops rotating magnetic field and which forces the rotor to rotate in the direction of magnetic field.

electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy, rotor and housing to spin and the blade attached to the housing throws away the air nearby and create cooling effect.

Fan

Parts of Fan

Capacitor : capacitor is used to store energy, this store energy is used to rotate the fan from rest state.

Axle: Axle is the metallic rod mostly made up of mild steel. Axle is connected from ceiling to fan housing 

Bearings: Ball bearings are used in the electric fan, 2 bearings which are link between housing and axle gives the rotary motion to the housing.

stator : stator windings is to convert electric current into magnetic field.

Rotar: Rotar in the electric motor is the permanent magnetic in the shape of half circles.

Housing: outer part or the electric fan.

Blades : Blades or wings used to rotate.

Future of electric fan.

Electric fan make use of 9% of residential energy, which is almost equal to power plant energy, so in future by using BLDC  technology  we can reduce use of energy by electric fan.

BLDC motor are more efficient.

Electric meter

Electric meter calculate the amount of energy used by revolving dial that turns according to energy consumption. it calculate amount of energy used Kilowatt per hour

meters run by continuously measuring voltage and current to give energy use per hour

For residential purpose its directly connected from source to customer directly from in-line.

For commercial purpose where more than 200 Ampere current is made used they should use current transformer 

Electric meter specification

electric meter 

meter reading for single phase 2 wire class 1

current rating for 5-30 Amps 

energy used in KW h and demand in KW 

standard reference voltage : 240 V

standard frequency :50 Hz

How to check meter reading

meter board calculate energy used per hour =kilowatt/hour

1 kilowatt hour =1000 watt hours.

if we use 50 W bulb for 10 hours energy used is 50 Watts x 10 = 500 Watts(0.5 KW/h)

How to calculate electricity bill from Electric meter

Dial rotating is directly proportional to amount of energy used.number displayed is number of dial is rotated.your meter reading will never reset to zero.

The number displayed represents the kilowatt-hours that has been used since the meter installed. so number will grow every month. 

Current meter reading - meter reading last month report = total kWh used

Total  kWh charge per kWh = Total energy charge

Total energy charge + Fixed monthly fees = Final bill.

How does Electric meter work:

Electric meter has 4 system: Driving system, Moving system, Braking system, Integration system.

The driving system has 2 electromagnets ,upper one is shut electromagnet and lower one is series electromagnet. current is flowing through the wires wounded on electromagnet which produces eddy current.

moving system has disc which will be rotating by eddy current produced by shut and series electromagnet.

braking system used to break the aluminium disc rotation.

Integration method used to record how many times disc rotated means how many kilowatt is used will be recorded and we get the bill.