Traffic signal

Traffic signal we all know about it especially Bangalore traffic is biggest issues,but do we know how this traffic signal were invented ,how many people worked behind it. there is a interesting story behind it.

Why red is used to stop vehicles?

In traffic signals red color light is used to stop vehicles because it ishaving longer wave length. The color which is having longer wavelength will undergo lesser scattering, hence it is visible from a longer distance.

Who Invented Traffic Lights? A Brief History of Traffic Lights

Who invented traffic lights?  What would have been the situation if there were no traffic lights? What’s the story behind it? Traffic lights are indications that create long queues and help manage vehicles, and the crowd too. Traffic lights too have a story to narrate.

The Story Behind ‘Who Invented Traffic Lights’?

John Peak Knight was the man who invented traffic lights in 1860. As a railway manager, he came up with the idea of using colored gas lights to make vehicles move. He used red and green gas lights to make the vehicles start and stop. However, his invention did not last for more than a month

In 1868, a man named William Potts came up with the idea of traffic lights. When roads get flooded with vehicles, not knowing which vehicles are going in what direction, there was a need for crowd management. This traffic management aimed allow cars to move freely without affecting pedestrians or other vehicles. While planning for such a technology, the aim in Potts’ mind was to ensure that there are no time delays or crowding on the road.

By 1900, a semaphore design with moving arms was introduced. It proved to be a great help to people in terms of traffic management. In the same year, yellow lights came into the picture when traffic management became a problem. A  policeman named William Potts gave the design to a better version of traffic lights. In the 1920s people began placing these lights at intersections in the USA and Europe. As a result, roads faced blocks at the intersection and visibility became a major problem.

By 1923, Garret Morgan gave a new design to traffic lights. It was given the design of T-poles which helped in getting better visibility.

As years passed, automatic lights entered the picture. The main aim of these lights was to monitor the traffic with the help of automated settings. These lights changed in about ten seconds and helped vehicles move effortlessly.

Who Invented Traffic Lights- The Story of Present

In 1923, Garret Morgan was the one who invented traffic lights in the shape of the T-poles that we see today. These aimed for better visibility and management of traffic.

The First Convention of Unification of Road Signals took place in 1930. The aim behind this was to make road signals uniform and understandable to everyone.

By 1950, there was a huge transformation in the traffic signals to the way we see them today. The French cities were the ones who invented traffic lights as a better version. This also ended up in a decision to make traffic lights more systematic in the areas that are more vulnerable to traffic. Also, this helped in the easy movement of public transport, avoiding delays and travel issues. People stick on to this mode even today to ensure better travel.

Later, computerized traffic lights came into the picture. In 1960, slowly, traffic lights started becoming computerized. Also, people began to understand traffic patterns better. People began to use them at pedestrian crossings. Flashlights were installed too to prevent and cut down on the number of accidents.

What do the traffic lights mean?

Red

Though the traffic lights are of three simple colors, they also have different varients if you look at them carefully.

Although red means stop- there are three different variants of it. The one who invented traffic lights also aimed at people understanding the risk levels so that they could understand them better.

Steady red means that moving vehicles must immediately stop. A flashing red sign means that the vehicles must wait for clearance from the other side. Also, red arrows mean that a moving car should come to a complete stop until the signals turn green.

Yellow

Yellow lights are of three types- steady yellow, flashing yellow and yellow arrow

The one who invented traffic lights designed the yellow lights as a symbol of caution. A flashing yellow means that the vehicle is on a caution to proceed. A yellow arrow means that only motorists are allowed to pass. Steady yellow lights are only placed at intersections to help pedestrians cross the road.

Green

As you know, the green light allows the vehicles to go. However, green lights also have been divided into two by the one who invented traffic lights.

Intersections use a solid green and these allow only pedestrians to move.

There is also a green arrow symbol that you may find at intersections. These allow only pedestrians and cyclists to move. The person who invented traffic lights chose green since it is of a short wavelength and also offers high visibility. Another less known fact about green lights is that it has a tinge of blue in them.

The Transformation of Traffic Lights towards Future

People who invented the traffic lights and made changes to them aimed at censoring the traffic. Even today, this helps them in understanding the flow of traffic through simple signals. This adaptive traffic control system also ensures that there is a proper movement of vehicles. It also helps people make real-time decisions.

There is also an upcoming idea of IoT which was revealed by Carnegie Mellon University. This technology makes traffic management quite simple and effective by sending texts across to you through your smartphones. Experts say that this will have your car equipped with a wireless technology that helps in smart traffic management. We can also expect a wireless technology in the coming years which helps you predict the traffic in our location in the direction that you are heading towards.

We can also expect a speed analysis software in traffic management. This helps drivers to analyze the speed of vehicles in traffic every 1/10 seconds. As a result, this helps to reduce the frequently caused traffic issues and makes time management better. Rain-sensing lights are also a future probability. These give priority to bicycles which are more prone to accidents and help two-wheelers make a faster move at intersections.

Shortly, traffic lights will improve the speed of vehicles and improve the commutation abilities. It may also help us predict the time, weather, and emergencies and make movements quicker. These aim in introducing a hassle-free way of travel and help in faster movement of vehicles.

metaverse

Metaverse is for sure the next big thing, the normal evolution of the internet, Just as computers were in the 80s, the internet was in the 90s,smartphones were after 2000,or the cryptocurrencies were in the last decade.

Metaverse is a virtual world, featuring avatars, digital objects, functioning economies where technology is not just a tool, but something that is all-encompassing.

Its quite popular in crypto, fintech, as well as social media. However, if it does continue to grow at the current rate, it will become a game-changing concept that will impact the entire internet in a massive way.

The popularity of metaverse as a concept grew substantially in 2021, primarily due to big announcements by tech giants. For example, Facebook rebranded as Meta with a focus on developing its own metaverse. It was one of the notable events which spurred worldwide discussions on possibilities with the metaverse. At the same time, many other tech biggies such as Microsoft, Epic Games, and NVidia are joining the metaverse bandwagon with innovative ventures. As the popularity of the metaverse continues to climb higher, the attention on Metaverse pros & cons has started to gain momentum. 

Advantage of metaverse:

• Its next stage in the development of the internet.
• At the moment, people interact with each other online by going to websites such as social media platforms or using messaging applications. 
• The idea of the metaverse is that it will create new online spaces in which people’s interactions can be more multi-dimensional, where users are able to create there avatars in metavers and they can feel like there are together.
• people in different locations they can meet there friends in any locations , they can go for trip in metaverse.
• Real estate business will have different dimension, person from any places can visit any area and check the land or property in metaverse,which will help real estate business simply and grow faster.
• As more people have started working and going to school remotely, there has been an increased demand for ways to make online interaction more lifelike.

Disadvantage of metaverse

• generate addiction
• make you lose track of time
• separate you from the real nature and real world
• overstimulate your senses.

Origin of Month Names

We mark time in many different ways – months, weeks, days, seconds. These terms get thrown around regularly, and they play a huge role in the way we conceptualize the many happenings of our lives.

The months’ names reflect a mix of gods and goddesses, rulers, and numbers. Discover how our calendar developed into what it is today.

How Our Calendar formed.

The Ancient Roman Calendar

Today, we follow the Gregorian calendar, but it’s based on the ancient Roman calendar, believed to be invented by Romulus, who served as the first king of Rome around 753 BC.

The Roman calendar, a complicated lunar calendar, had 12 months like our current calendar, but only 10 of the months had formal names.

Julian Calendar Updates

When Julius Caesar became pontifex maximus(head of the administration), he reformed the Roman calendar so that the 12 months were based on Earth’s revolutions around the Sun. It was a solar calendar as we have today. January and February were moved to the front of the year, and leap years were introduced to keep the calendar year lined up with the solar year.

Today’s Gregorian Calendar

Quite a bit later, in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced a number of reforms to the Julian calendar, as there were still some inaccuracies and adjustments to be made. Mainly, the Julian calendar had overestimated the amount of time it took the Earth to orbit the Sun, so the Gregorian calendar shortened the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days. This meant that the calendar could be more easily corrected by leap years and that the dates of the equinoxes and solstices (equinoxes means time or date(twice each year) at which the sun crosses the celestial equator, when day and night are of approximately equal length (about 22 September and 20 March )

solstices means the time or date (twice each year) at which the sun reaches its maximum or minimum declination, marked by the longest and shortest days (about 21 June and 22 December).

January

January is named after Janus, the Roman god of beginnings and endings. Janus presided over doors and gates, which feels appropriate for the new year. He is often depicted with two faces – one looking forward and the other looking backward. Notably, January was the last month to be added to the calendar, which originally had ten months and began in March.

February

February is named after a Roman purification festival called februa, which occurred around the fifteenth of this month. Februa literally means “month of cleansing” – a fitting title considering that February was once the last month of the year. Much like the New Year’s Resolutions of today, a “month of cleansing” seems like a good way to say goodbye to the old and usher in the new.

March

March is named after Mars, the Roman god of war. In ancient Rome, war was ceased during the time of celebration between the old and new year. Since March was the earliest part of the year when the weather was mild enough to begin waging war again, it was originally the first month.

April

There are a few different theories about where April gets its name. Some believe that April is derived from the Latin base apero – meaning “second” – because it was once the second month of the year. Others say it comes from another Latin word, aperire, which means “to open” and is suggestive of the opening of buds and flowers during springtime. Still others claim that April was named for Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, beauty, and procreation.

May

May is named for the Greek goddess Maia. She had a son, Hermes, with the god Zeus, and she was an earth goddess and a goddess of growth, which explains her connection to this springtime month.

June

June is named after Juno, the wife of Jupiter and queen of the gods. Juno was the patroness of childbirth and marriage, which is fitting for what has long been the most popular month for weddings.

July

July was the birth month of Julius Caesar, for whom the month was renamed following his death in 44 B.C. Previously, July was called “Quintilis,” which is Latin for “fifth” and referred to the fact that, with the calendar year beginning in March, July was the fifth month. July was also the first month to be named after a real person, rather than a Roman or Greek deity.

August

August is the only other month named after a historical figure – Augustus Caesar, who was the nephew of Julius Caesar and the first emperor of Rome. Much like July, August was previously called “Sextilius,” meaning – you guessed it – “sixth.” It was Emperor Augustus’ legacy which eventually gave rise to the adjective august, meaning “respected and impressive.” Additionally, July and August were both allotted thirty-one days to reflect the importance of the leaders that they represented.

September, October, November, December

September, October, November, and December come from the Latin words septem, octo, novem, and decem, meaning “seventh,” “eighth,” “ninth,” and “tenth.” Though their root meanings now make them feel out of place in the calendar year, prior to the addition of January and February, they were indeed the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth months.

SEPTEMBER

September comes from the Latin word septem, meaning “seven,” because it was the seventh month of the early Roman calendar.

OCTOBER

In the ancient Roman calendar, October was the name of the eighth month of the year. Its name comes from octo, the Latin word for “eight.” When the Romans converted to a 12-month calendar, they tried to rename this month after various Roman emperors, but the name October stuck.

NOVEMBER

From the Latin word novem, “nine,” because this had been the ninth month of the early Roman calendar.

DECEMBER

From the Latin word decem, “ten,” because this had been the tenth month of the early Roman calendar.

Week Names Meaning.

what is week:

week is the period of Seven days.

Seven days has Seven names, and now we will try to know the how this names has come into picture.

who has given names and reason behind it.

The Babylonians named each of the days after one of the five planetary bodies known to them (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) and after the Sun and Moon.

Babylonians thought there were seven planets in the sky, with each one controlling a different day of the week here on Earth

For centuries the Romans used a period of eight days in civil practice, but in 321 CE Emperor Constantine established the seven day week in the Roman calendar and designated Sunday as the first day of the Week. 

Why do weeks start on Sunday?

Sunday has always been regarded as the first day of the week for religious reasons.

Sunday is the day of worship and rest.

The Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar is a solar dating system used by most of the world. It is named for pope Gregory XIII.

After doing many changes in many calendars ,Gregorian calendar is used world-wide.

Week Names according to Planet :

English		Planet
Monday		Moon
Tuesday		Mars
Wednesday		Mercury
Thursday		Jupiter
Friday		Venus
Saturday		Saturn
Sunday		(Sun)

Time

Time is very precious to everyone present on the Earth. lets us know how does the time came into existence, somewhere somebody would have taught about this invention.

What is time:

Time in physics and philosophy (time as a physical phenomenon), 

Time in psychology (our sense of passing time), 

Time in mathematics and engineering (the time that we measure and use to regulate our lives). 

History of time :

The measurement of time began with the invention of sundials in ancient Egypt some time prior to 1500 B.C. However, the time the Egyptians measured was not the same as the time today's clocks measure. For the Egyptians, and indeed for a further three millennia, the basic unit of time was the period of daylight. The Egyptians broke the period from sunrise to sunset into twelve equal parts, giving us the forerunner of today's hours. 

The need for a way to measure time independently of the sun eventually gave rise to various devices, most notably sandglasses, waterclocks, and candles. The first two of these utilized the flow of some substance to measure time, the latter the steady fall in the height of the candle.

sundial an instrument showing the time by the shadow of a pointer cast by the sun on to a plate marked with the hours of the day.

Sundial 

The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock.

The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe 

Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe

Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially  christiaan huygens with the invention of pendulum-driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi

The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks.

Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions  in certain atoms to measure the second.

GPS in coordination with the Network time protocol can be used to synchronize timekeeping systems across the globe.

Measurement of time:

when we travel from one place to another we will calculate the time and speed.

This is way to calculate the time

When we measure the speed of a car, we seem to be measuring speed with something abstract called time; we are actually just comparing a known motion (of the sun) with an unknown motion of the car

History of calendar

Artifacts from the old stone age suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago.

Lunar calendar were among the first to appear, with years of either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). 

solar calendar  is a calendar whose dates indicate the season or almost equivalently the apparent position of the sun relative to the stars.

A lunar calendar is a calendar based on the monthly cycles of the Moon's phases ,In solar calendar annual cycles are based only directly on the solar year.

Living by the clock

Today, we live our lives according to clock. We start our day by an alarm clock, we listen to the radio at a particular time, we travel to and from work at a certain time of day, we attend meetings that start and finish at predetermined times, we eat our meals according to the clock, not simply when we feel hungry, and the clock tells us when to go to a movie, to a concert, to the theater, or to watch our favorite television program. Indeed, not only are most of our daily activities regulated by the clock, they are often ruled down to the precise minute. This way of living is very recent. Not only does it depend on the uniform system of worldwide time measurement, it also requires that each one of us carries on our person a reliable means to keep track of time. 

Education system

Education plays the most important role in everyone's life. Education does not mean only academic qualifications, it's a form of transfer of knowledge or skill from one generation to another generation.

 

Humans are very intelligent creatures, so they found out a few methods of education from time to time for financial growth and knowledge growth.

History of education system:

Education began in prehistory, education achieved orally and through imitation. Story-telling passes knowledge, values and skills from one generation to the next. 

Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom.

 

Plato founded the Academy in Athens.

 

Cicero

Introduction: 2000 years ago, Cicero propagated that education is the best gift we can give to the youth. Education is a dynamic concept with different people interpreting it from their own background or ideals.

 

The idea and practice of universal, compulsory public education developed gradually in Europe, from the early 16th century on into the 19th. 

Education concept during Industrial Era.

Factories altered the educational system, necessitating the need for universal education.

Factory owners required obedient, agreeable workers who would show up on time and do what their mangers told them.

BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Almost all poorer children had no education
• school wasn't free
• Majority of the population were poor ,so the country was not as well educated 
• poor children were going to jobs in factories.

AFTER THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Schooling was an important part of life
• Nearly the entire country children were well educated and the country was developing power and strength.
• Factories helped employees to attend night school to gain knowledge.
• The country built many libraries.

Education system in India .

The history of education began with teaching of traditional elements such as Indian religions, Indian mathematics, Indian logic at early Hindu and Buddhist centers of learning in Nalanda.

Modern universities were established during British rule in the 19th century.

Development of modern education in India.

The company wanted some educated Indians who could assist them in the administration of the land. Also, they wanted to understand our customs and laws.

Warren Hastings established the Calcutta madrassa in 1781 for teaching of Muslim Law.

In 1791, a Sanskrit college was started in Varanasi by Jonathan Duncan for the study of Hindu Philosophy and laws.

In 1835, it was decided that western science and literature would be imparted to Indians through the medium of English by Lord William Bentincks.

There was a huge demand for clerks and other administration position in company.  

Its cheaper to hire Indians instead of English men.

Bentinck had appointed Thomas Babington Macaulay as the chairman of the general committee of public instruction.

The modern school system was brought to India including the English language, originally by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay

Interesting facts about education system:

• The worlds oldest school is The Kings school in Canterbury, England founded in 597 AD.
• Children in Finland begin schooling only at the age of seven.
• Schools in Chile have the longest duration of summer Vacations.
• The ancient education system of India is the pioneer in several areas of study. The number system, place value system, the concept of Zero, trigonometry, algebra, calculus all originated in India.
• India is the birthplace of Ayurveda. the oldest school of medicine in the world.
• Nalanda University in India, which was established in 5 AD, is the oldest university in the world. However , the worlds oldest university in continuous operation is the university of Karueein in Morocco founded in 9 AD.

Laptop repair

Laptop is common device found in everyone house today, so lets us know simple methods if it's not working.

Few precautions to be taken to save data because laptop may Crash anytime.

Backup : backup important data which you have in laptop time to time. we can't predict at what time laptop may crash.

Virus : viruses can attack laptop anytime, so better use antivirus in the system.

Have some knowledge about virus.

Downloaded best antivirus for the system to prevent viruses attack.

Avoid downloading unwanted stuff from unknown site.

Common issues found in Laptop :

• Laptop crash
• loading  failure or slowdown Internet connectivity issues.
• Device compatibility issues.
• Laptop freezes
• Blank screen
• unwanted noise etc.

Why does my laptop not turn on or boot.

• Connect the power cable. Although it may seem obvious, if your laptop is running on battery power only, connecting the AC adapter may solve the problem
• Check AC adapter and power port for a bent pin
• Disconnect from the docking station
• Remove and reconnect the battery
• Drain the computer of electricity

Disconnect the AC adapter and remove the battery (if possible)

Hold down the power button for thirty seconds to drain any residual power from the laptop.

Without replacing the battery.

Plug the AC adapter back into the laptop.

• Bad hardware.

why does my laptop crash:

A computer or system crash is generally an application or hardware component on a computer stops to act properly, and you may sometimes see an error report with the crash, sometimes you may not even see any error codes and your computer keeps crashing.

Most PC or laptop crashes are the result of overheating , hardware faulty, corrupted system or driven corruption, etc.

Few methods to fix PC crashing.

• Reboot your computer
• Make sure your CPU works properly
• Boot in safe mode
• Update your drivers.
• Run system file checker.

Basic steps to get rid of Virus.

computer viruses are almost always invisible. without antivirus protection, you may not know you have one. This is why it is vital to install anti-virus protection on all your devices.

If your PC has a virus, few steps to get rid of it.

1 Download and install a virus scanner

2 Disconnect from internet

3 Reboot your computer into safe mode 

• Turn your computer off and on again
• when the screen lights ,press F8 to bring up the Advances boot options menu
• click safe mode with networking
• Remain disconnect from the internet

4 Delete any temporary files

• click the windows logo on the right bottom 
• Type temporary files
• Choose free up disk space by deleting unnecessary files 
• Find and select temporary Internet Files in the files to delete Disk cleanup list and click OK 
• confirm delete files selection

some viruses are programmed to initiate when your computer boots up. Deleting temporary files may delete the virus. 

5 Run a virus scan

6 Delete or quarantine the virus

If a virus is found, it may affect multiple files. select Delete or Quarantine to remove the files and get rid of the virus. Re-scan your computer to check there is no viruses. 

7 Reboot your computer

Now that the viruses is removed, you can reboot your computer. Simply turn it on as you would normally. It no longer needs to be in Safe mode.

8 Change all your passwords

To protect your computer from further attack, change all your passwords in case they were captured by malware.

9 Update your software, browser and operating system

Updating your software, browser and operating system will reduce the risk of flaws in old code being exploited by criminals to install malware on your computer.